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The male partner's procedures - (under local or general anaesthesia)

- PESA - Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration
- A fine needle is inserted into the epididymis, at the upper area of the testis, and sperm are obtained by gentle suction.
- TESA - Testicular Sperm Epididymal Aspiration
- A fine needle is inserted into the testis and samples of tissue are obtained by gentle suction in order to retrieve sperm. If too few sperms are obtained, a biopsy (tissue sample) is taken.
- Testicular Biopsy – a small incision is made through the skin and a tissue sample is taken, 2 - 3 stitches are placed in the skin. These self-dissolve in about 10 days.